地震安全性评价中时程的包线与设定地震     

沈建文  余湛  石树中 《震灾防御技术》2007,2(2):201-206

"设定地震"概念的提出已有一段时间,但鲜见在我国地震安全性评价中应用。同时,概率方法在地震危险性评价中,由于时程包线函数的确定源于震级-距离组合的不确定性而带有较大的任意性。本文建议在考虑潜源概率贡献的基础上,引入设定地震的期望震级和期望距离组合,用以控制包线函数。通过修改危险性分析椭圆模型的软件,可以进行计算并给出了算例。  相似文献   

Everyday Ecologies: Cities,Nature, and leaching Urban Ecology     

《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):154-165

Abstract

Conventional geographical approaches to the city tend to place the study of urban form and urban space squarely within the political-economic and cultural branches of geography. Geographic pedagogy has tended to assume, therefore, that nature is absent from the city or exists only as a backdrop or stage on which urban economic and cultural activities take place. In contrast, there has been a recent groundswell of interest—originating in places as diverse as environmental activism, environmental history, landscape architecture, and environmental education—in reinterpreting the city as a space intimately connected with nature. This article examines the possibilities for integrating this rethinking of the relationship between city and nature into undergraduate education. Specifically, it outlines the rationale, objectives, and design of a course on urban ecology and examines the benefits and challenges of doing urban ecology as part of geographic education.  相似文献   

From Gauß to Biermann: Highlights from the first 117 years of publications in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes     

R. von Berlepsch  K.G. Strassmeier 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2009,330(6):589-653

We present facsimiles of some of the scientifically and historically most relevant papers published in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes (AN) between 1821 and 1938. Almost all of these papers were written and printed in German and it is sometimes not completely straightforward to find these original works and then to cite the historically correct version, e.g. in case of a series of articles or editorial letters. It was common during the early years that many contributions were made in form of letters to the editor. We present a summary for these original works with an English translation of their titles. Among the highlights are the originals of the discovery of stellar parallaxes by FriedrichWilhelm Bessel, the discovery of the solar cycle by Heinrich Schwabe, the discovery of the planet Neptune by Johann Gottfried Galle, the first ever measured stellar radial velocity by Hermann Vogel, the discovery of radio emission from the Sun by Wilsing and Scheiner, the first ever conducted photoelectric photometry of stars by Paul Guthnick and up to the pioneering work by Karl Schwarzschild, Ejnar Hertzsprung, Erwin Finlay Freundlich and others. As a particular gimmick we present the still world record holding shortest paper ever published; by Johannes Hartmann in AN 226, 63 (1926) on Nova Pictoris. Our focus is on contributions in the early years and published until 1938 near the verge of the second world war (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

The Troughton & Simms transit circle of Coimbra Astronomical Observatory from the 1850s: An example of the dissemination of technological developments     

V. Bonifcio  I. Malaquias  J. Fernandes 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2009,330(6):544-551

Yesterday, as today, technological developments led by large and expensive instrumental projects are later on disseminated to smaller and more affordable devices. In 1847, Airy requested a new transit circle for the Greenwich Observatory. When the first observation was performed, on 4 January 1851, Airy's Greenwich Transit Circle (ATC) was the largest instrument of its class in the world. The construction of the ATC implied solving several technical difficulties, for example, the maintenance of the instrument rigidity and the illumination of the graduated circle and telescope field of view. After the ATC completion Troughton & Simms stand at the 1851 Great London Exhibition included two small transit instruments which were praised for their telescope field of view/eyepiece wires illumination. One of which, was based upon the design implemented beforehand on the ATC. In this paper we will discuss the field and eyepiece wire illumination innovations introduced on the ATC and the Simms transit instruments exhibited in 1851. We will also describe the small Troughton & Simms transit circle currently belonging to Coimbra Astronomical Observatory collection that is, we believe, one of the earliest implementation of this ATC lead development (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

喀斯特坡地石灰土硫形态分布及其同位素组成特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张伟  刘丛强  刘涛泽  李晓东  张丽丽 《地球化学》2010,39(3):251-257

土壤中S形态及各形态硫化物的稳定S同位素组成的分布特征对于土壤S循环研究具有重要意义。利用S形态连续提取方法测定了喀斯特坡地石灰土总S、SO4^2- -S、S^0-S、FeS—S、FeS2-S和有机S含量及其δ^34S值。有机S是石灰土主要的S形态,占总S的76．5％～93．6％。总S和有机S含量随土壤深度加深而降低,这与有机S矿化有关,对应有机S的δ^34S值逐渐增大。总体来看,FeS2是石灰土主要的无机S形态,其次为SO4^2-、FeS和S^0。石灰土表层以下深度FeS2-S增加与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率增大有关,对应SO4^2-和FeS2的δ^34S值平行增大。深层土壤FeS2-S降低则主要与SO4^2-异化还原反应速率减小及无机S厌氧氧化有关。土壤各形态S含量及其δ^34S值的分布特征,可以记录与深度相关的S形态转化过程。值得注意的是,受石灰土类型、植被状况及地形特征等因素的影响,喀斯特坡地石灰土中SO4^2-、FeS2和有机S组分容易迁移,这也是石灰土中各形态S分布变异的主要原因。  相似文献   

F.W. Bessel (1825): The calculation of longitude and latitude from geodesic measurements     

C.F.F. Karney  R.E. Deakin 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2010,331(8):852-861

  相似文献   

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征     

马铭嘉  张兵  赵晶晶 《四川地质学报》2010,30(3):312-315

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地西北缘车拐地区侏罗系成藏动力学模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王卓超  叶加仁 《地质科技情报》2010,29(2)

准噶尔盆地西北缘车拐地区目前已经在侏罗系发现了多个油气藏,分析这些油气藏形成的过程及其主要控制因素具有重要意义。基于成藏动力学的三维模拟结果表明,侏罗系油气藏的油气来源主要是二叠系风城组和乌尔禾组烃源岩,油气运移路径主要表现为由沙湾凹陷向车排子凸起、中拐凸起方向。从充注时间看,侏罗系八道湾组始于早侏罗世(178Ma),齐古组始于早白垩世(120Ma),充注过程一直持续到古近纪末期;白垩纪中期的构造运动使车拐地区的地形向现今的"南低北高"发展,改造了已经形成的圈闭,使此前形成的油气藏重新分配,并向北部重新聚集,从而形成现今侏罗系的油气藏主要分布在车拐地区北部和车排子断裂带附近区域,而在车拐地区南部仅存在一些残余油气藏的格局。  相似文献   

溶蚀作用下古岩溶盆地系统中介质场演化模拟   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王云  于青春  薛亮 《现代地质》2010,24(5)

为了研究古岩溶盆地在溶蚀作用下碳酸盐岩油气储层介质场的演化规律,基于地下水渗流理论和碳酸盐溶蚀动力理论,用数值模型模拟了均质盆地和非均质盆地2种岩溶盆地含水系统发育过程。岩溶盆地含水系统演化过程中总伴随着裂隙差异溶蚀,不管均质盆地还是非均质盆地,都越来越非均质化,强溶蚀带集中在潜水位及优势裂隙附近,在侵蚀基准面和构造裂隙及层理等大裂隙处会形成高孔隙率、渗透率的良好储层。受介质场非均质化反作用,岩溶高地区潜水位随系统演化不断下降,潜水面处的强烈溶蚀随水位不断下切而使高地区改造成竖直裂隙发育的厚储层;坡地区水平径流活跃,易于形成水平裂隙发育的储层;平原区水位相对稳定,溶蚀作用主要发生大裂隙和侵蚀基准面处,但在大裂隙网内经溶蚀可形成局部高孔隙率储层。对比两子模型发现,在岩溶盆地含水系统中,主导渗流场都要经历由局部流场向二级流场、二级流场向全局流场的转变,前者发生在坡地区内部,后者发生在坡地区与平原区之间;流畅的渗流场转换更有利于介质场发育,受大裂隙网导水作用,非均质盆地比均质盆地更快捷、更顺利地实现主导流场升级,溶蚀作用更强烈,3 ka后非均质盆地比均质盆地的孔隙率增幅大34%。  相似文献   

Karren of Mushroom Mountain (Junzi Shan) in the Eastern Yunnan Ridge, Yunnan, China: Karstological and Tourist Attraction     

Martin KNEZ  Tadej SLABE 《《地质学报》英文版》2010,84(2):424-431

<正>Mushroom Mountain karren with predominantly flat tops that formed along the stylolites and bedding planes dictated the special features of this karst landscape.Their features and rock relief clearly reflect the geological conditions and development.The subsoil karren with conical tops dissected by subsoil rock relief were exposed from beneath the soil.Below tree vegetation,the subsoil karren are to a great extent covered by moss and lichen,under which they acquire their characteristic shape.On the bare surface they were reshaped by rainwater that carves flutes and solution pans.The old cave that opens below the top of one of the cones reveals the period before its dissection into hills and cones when this part of the karst aquifer was still deep under the water table.  相似文献